{"id":2665,"date":"2024-05-27T17:14:24","date_gmt":"2024-05-27T17:14:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/?p=2665"},"modified":"2024-05-29T16:23:27","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T16:23:27","slug":"15-properties-of-metalloids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/bolg\/15-properties-of-metalloids\/","title":{"rendered":"15 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a: \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u062a\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 id=\"table-of-contents\">\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#1-intermediate-electrical-conductivity\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#valence-band-structure\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#temperature-dependence\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#doping-and-impurities\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#2-variable-thermal-conductivity\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#crystal-structure\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#temperature-effects\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#impurities\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#3-lustrous-appearance\">3. \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#electron-configuration\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#applications-in-electronics\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#aesthetic-uses\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#4-intermediate-density\">4. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#comparison-with-other-elements\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#impact-on-applications\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#5-low-elasticity\">5. \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#atomic-bonding\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#practical-implications\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#6-semiconducting-properties\">6. \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#doping-techniques\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#band-gap\">\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#7-amphoteric-behavior\">7. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#reactions-with-acids-and-bases\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#oxides\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#8-multiple-oxidation-states\">8. \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#examples-of-oxidation-states\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#impact-on-reactivity\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#9-formation-of-alloys\">9. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#examples-of-alloys\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#properties-of-alloys\">\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#10-chemical-reactivity\">10. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#reactions-with-halogens\">\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#redox-behavior\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#11-role-in-semiconductor-technology\">11. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#silicon-and-germanium\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#fabrication-processes\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#12-influence-of-impurities\">12. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#doping-effects\">\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#material-purity\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#13-temperature-dependent-properties\">13. \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#electrical-conductivity\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#thermal-conductivity\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#14-reactivity-with-halogens\">14. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#formation-of-halides\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#applications-of-halides\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#15-environmental-and-biological-impact\">15. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toxicity\">\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#beneficial-uses\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"introduction\">\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0648\u0644 \u062e\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0648\u0623\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u0646\u0641\u0633 \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u062e\u0645\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"1-intermediate-electrical-conductivity\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"valence-band-structure\">\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0628\u062d\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u0627\u0641\u0624 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0645\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0621\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 137px;\" width=\"671\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<th>\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u062d\u0627\u0633<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/td>\n<td>\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0628\u0631\u064a\u062a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"temperature-dependence\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0632\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629. \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u0645\u0639 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062e\u0627\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627. \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"doping-and-impurities\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a. \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0645\u062f \u0644\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628\u060c \u0644\u062a\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0639\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 p \u0623\u0648 n\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629: \u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0637\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 p.<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629<\/strong>: \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 n.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"2-variable-thermal-conductivity\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"crystal-structure\">\u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062a\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0647\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u064a\u0639\u064a\u0642 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0645\u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u0633\u064a \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0628\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u060c \u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u062a\u0639\u0642\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 146px;\" width=\"664\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 (W\/mK)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>148<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"temperature-effects\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u062a\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0632\u064a\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0639\u0637\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0638\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0642\u0644\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u062a\u062d\u0648\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"impurities\">\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/h3>\n<p>\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u062b \u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0642\u062f \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u062a\u064a\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0646\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u062a\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062c\u0647\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0647\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"3-lustrous-appearance\">3. \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"electron-configuration\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0632\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0647\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u0643\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0634\u062a\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646. \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0625\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0646\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062b\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0646\u062d \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"applications-in-electronics\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0634\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0643\u0627\u0633\u0647 \u0623\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"aesthetic-uses\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0636\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u062c\u0627\u0630\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0628\u062f\u0621\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0645\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0643\u0633\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0634\u0637\u064a\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062e\u0631\u0641\u064a\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0639 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062c\u0630\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0645\u0647\u0645\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"4-intermediate-density\">4. \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"comparison-with-other-elements\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0628\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u062f\u0648\u0644: \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 125px;\" width=\"525\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 (\u062c\u0645\/\u0633\u0645\u00b3)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>2.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>2.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f<\/td>\n<td>7.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"impact-on-applications\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0633\u0637\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 (MEMS) \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062e\u0641\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629. \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0632\u0646 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0646\u0649.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"5-low-elasticity\">5. \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"atomic-bonding\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u062c\u0647\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629. \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u063a\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"practical-implications\">\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u0629 \u0646\u0633\u0628\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0642\u0644 \u0645\u0644\u0627\u0621\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0634\u0648\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0636.<\/p>\n<p>\u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u064a\u0643\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0644 \u0631\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0644\u0636\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u064a\u0645 \u0644\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"6-semiconducting-properties\">6. \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"doping-techniques\">\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0628\u062a\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0629\u064b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0632\u0631\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u062f\u062e\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"band-gap\">\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0642\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u062d\u062f\u062f \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0634\u0631\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0644\u062f\u064a\u0647 \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a 1.1 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u062f\u0641\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0645\u0631 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 158px;\" width=\"524\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0641\u062c\u0648\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 (eV)<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"7-amphoteric-behavior\">7. \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"reactions-with-acids-and-bases\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0645\u0636\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0628\u0630\u0628 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0644\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"oxides\">\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0623\u0643\u0627\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0645\u0627\u0636 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0627\u0639\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0639\u062f \u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u064b\u0627 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u062c\u0627\u062c \u0648\u064a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0643\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0632\u0644\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"8-multiple-oxidation-states\">8. \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"examples-of-oxidation-states\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0633\u0627\u0647\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0648\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629: \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646<\/strong>: +3, -3<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646<\/strong>: +4, -4<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e<\/strong>: +3, +5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"impact-on-reactivity\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0628\u0646\u064a \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0632 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062d\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e \u062a\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0643\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f \u0648\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u0641\u0627\u0626\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0636\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u062f\u0644\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"9-formation-of-alloys\">9. \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"examples-of-alloys\">\u0623\u0645\u062b\u0644\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0639\u0632\u0632 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0628\u0642\u0648\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0635\u0628\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0636\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"properties-of-alloys\">\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643<\/h3>\n<p>\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0626\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u064a \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645. \u062a\u0648\u0641\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u062f\u062f.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 58px;\" width=\"735\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0633\u0628\u064a\u0643\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0633\u0646\u0629<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0644\u0648\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0628<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"10-chemical-reactivity\">10. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"reactions-with-halogens\">\u0631\u062f\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"redox-behavior\">\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0643\u0639\u0648\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0632\u062f\u0648\u062c\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0644\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0634\u0627\u0631\u0643 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0646\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646.<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u062a\u062e\u0637\u064a\u0637\u064a: \u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0633\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0632\u0627\u0644<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 110px;\" width=\"740\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631<\/th>\n<th>\u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0624\u0643\u0633\u062f<\/th>\n<th>\u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0648\u0643\u064a\u0644<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0646<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<td>\u0646\u0639\u0645<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"11-role-in-semiconductor-technology\">11. \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"silicon-and-germanium\">\u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0645\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0627 \u063a\u0646\u0649 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"fabrication-processes\">\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639<\/h3>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0646\u064a\u0639 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062e\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a (CVD) \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0636\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u064a\u0629 (MBE) \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0645\u0643\u0647\u0627. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0647\u064a\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0642\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"12-influence-of-impurities\">12. \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"doping-effects\">\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u0648\u062c\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631 \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u062e\u0627\u0635\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0634\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0636\u0639\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0631\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a. \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 p\u060c \u0628\u064a\u0646\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0636\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0633\u0641\u0648\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0625\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0648\u0639 n. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0634\u063a\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0646\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"material-purity\">\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u064a\u0639\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u062e\u0644\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064a\u0648\u0628 \u062a\u0624\u062f\u064a \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0627 \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0641\u0627\u0638 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064a\u064a\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0635\u0627\u0631\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062f \u0623\u0645\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u064a\u0648\u064a\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"13-temperature-dependent-properties\">13. \u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"electrical-conductivity\">\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0644\u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0631\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0639\u0627\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0648\u0642\u0639 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629. \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"thermal-conductivity\">\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0628\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0624\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a. \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0641\u0627\u0621\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"14-reactivity-with-halogens\">14. \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"formation-of-halides\">\u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639 \u0643\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0641\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0621 \u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u062a\u064f\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0623\u064a\u0636\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"applications-of-halides\">\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649.<\/p>\n<p>\u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u062a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0647\u0627\u0644\u064a\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0645\u062b\u0628\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0636\u0627\u0641 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644\u064a\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0627\u0634\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0644. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u062a\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647\u0644\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0646\u0627\u0621.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"15-environmental-and-biological-impact\">15. \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"toxicity\">\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0645<\/h3>\n<p>\u0628\u0639\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e\u060c \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0628\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062f\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629.<\/p>\n<p>\u0641\u0627\u0644\u0632\u0631\u0646\u064a\u062e\u060c \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0628\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062b\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0634\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u0645\u0634\u0627\u0643\u0644 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u0629 \u062e\u0637\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0645 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0646\u0634\u0627\u0642\u0647. \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0625\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u0642\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0644\u0648\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u064a \u0648\u062d\u0645\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0646\u0633\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"beneficial-uses\">\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u064a\u062f\u0629<\/h3>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649\u060c \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0630\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0628\u0643\u0645\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631.<\/p>\n<p>\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0636\u0631\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0646\u0645\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0639\u0632\u064a\u0632 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644. \u0648\u0645\u0639 \u0630\u0644\u0643\u060c \u0641\u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0641\u0631\u0627\u0637 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0633\u0627\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u0644\u0646\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0644\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0642\u0635\u0649 \u0642\u062f\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0648\u0627\u0626\u062f \u0645\u0639 \u062a\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0627\u0637\u0631.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/h2>\n<p>\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0632\u064a\u062c\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u064b\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a. \u062a\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0639 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645 \u0628\u0645\u0638\u0647\u0631 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a \u0648\u0644\u0643\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0634\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u062c\u064a\u062f. \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0644\u064a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0648\u0645 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0635\u0646\u0627\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u064a\u062d \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629. \u0625\u0646 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0634\u0643\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0634\u0628\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u062a\u0633\u0645\u062d \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0645\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0628\u0627\u0626\u0643. \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u060c \u062a\u0644\u0639\u0628 \u0623\u0634\u0628\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062a \u062f\u0648\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u062d\u0627\u0633\u0645\u064b\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0643\u0646\u0648\u0644\u0648\u062c\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0646\u0638\u0631\u064b\u0627 \u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0633\u0644\u0648\u0643\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0645\u064a\u0632\u0629.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents Introduction 1. Intermediate Electrical Conductivity Valence Band Structure Temperature Dependence Doping and Impurities 2. Variable Thermal Conductivity Crystal Structure Temperature Effects Impurities 3. Lustrous Appearance Electron Configuration Applications in Electronics Aesthetic Uses 4. Intermediate Density Comparison with Other Elements Impact on Applications 5. Low Elasticity Atomic Bonding Practical Implications 6. Semiconducting Properties [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mechanical-design-tips"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2665"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2679,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions\/2679"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}