{"id":2665,"date":"2024-05-27T17:14:24","date_gmt":"2024-05-27T17:14:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/?p=2665"},"modified":"2024-05-29T16:23:27","modified_gmt":"2024-05-29T16:23:27","slug":"15-properties-of-metalloids","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/bolg\/15-properties-of-metalloids\/","title":{"rendered":"15 \u79cd\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff1a\u4f60\u60f3\u77e5\u9053\u7684\u4e00\u5207"},"content":{"rendered":"<h4 id=\"table-of-contents\">\u76ee\u5f55<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#introduction\">\u5bfc\u8a00<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#1-intermediate-electrical-conductivity\">1.\u4e2d\u95f4\u5bfc\u7535\u7387<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#valence-band-structure\">\u4ef7\u5e26\u7ed3\u6784<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#temperature-dependence\">\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#doping-and-impurities\">\u63ba\u6742\u548c\u6742\u8d28<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#2-variable-thermal-conductivity\">2.\u53ef\u53d8\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#crystal-structure\">\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#temperature-effects\">\u6e29\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#impurities\">\u6742\u8d28<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#3-lustrous-appearance\">3.\u5149\u6cfd\u7684\u5916\u89c2<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#electron-configuration\">\u7535\u5b50\u914d\u7f6e<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#applications-in-electronics\">\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#aesthetic-uses\">\u7f8e\u5b66\u7528\u9014<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#4-intermediate-density\">4.\u4e2d\u95f4\u5bc6\u5ea6<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#comparison-with-other-elements\">\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#impact-on-applications\">\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#5-low-elasticity\">5.\u4f4e\u5f39\u6027<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#atomic-bonding\">\u539f\u5b50\u952e\u5408<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#practical-implications\">\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#6-semiconducting-properties\">6.\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#doping-techniques\">\u5174\u594b\u5242\u6280\u672f<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#band-gap\">\u5e26\u9699<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#7-amphoteric-behavior\">7.\u4e24\u6027\u884c\u4e3a<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#reactions-with-acids-and-bases\">\u4e0e\u9178\u548c\u78b1\u7684\u53cd\u5e94<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#oxides\">\u6c27\u5316\u7269<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#8-multiple-oxidation-states\">8.\u591a\u91cd\u6c27\u5316\u6001<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#examples-of-oxidation-states\">\u6c27\u5316\u6001\u793a\u4f8b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#impact-on-reactivity\">\u5bf9\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#9-formation-of-alloys\">9.\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#examples-of-alloys\">\u5408\u91d1\u4e3e\u4f8b<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#properties-of-alloys\">\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#10-chemical-reactivity\">10.\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u6027<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#reactions-with-halogens\">\u4e0e\u5364\u7d20\u7684\u53cd\u5e94<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#redox-behavior\">\u6c27\u5316\u8fd8\u539f\u884c\u4e3a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#11-role-in-semiconductor-technology\">11.\u5728\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#silicon-and-germanium\">\u7845\u548c\u9517<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#fabrication-processes\">\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#12-influence-of-impurities\">12.\u6742\u8d28\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#doping-effects\">\u5174\u594b\u5242\u6548\u5e94<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#material-purity\">\u6750\u6599\u7eaf\u5ea6<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#13-temperature-dependent-properties\">13.\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#electrical-conductivity\">\u5bfc\u7535\u6027<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#thermal-conductivity\">\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#14-reactivity-with-halogens\">14.\u4e0e\u5364\u7d20\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6027<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#formation-of-halides\">\u5364\u5316\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#applications-of-halides\">\u5364\u5316\u7269\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#15-environmental-and-biological-impact\">15.\u73af\u5883\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5f71\u54cd<\/a>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#toxicity\">\u6bd2\u6027<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#beneficial-uses\">\u6709\u76ca\u7528\u9014<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#conclusion\">\u7ed3\u8bba<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<hr \/>\n<h2 id=\"introduction\">\u5bfc\u8a00<\/h2>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u4ecb\u4e8e\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e4b\u95f4\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u591a\u79cd\u7528\u9014\u3002\u6cbf\u7740\u5143\u7d20\u5468\u671f\u8868\u7684\u9636\u68af\u7ebf\uff0c\u5b83\u4eec\u5305\u62ec\u787c\u3001\u7845\u3001\u9517\u3001\u7837\u3001\u9511\u3001\u78b2\uff0c\u6709\u65f6\u8fd8\u6709\u948b\u3002\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u80fd\u6bd4\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\u597d\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5982\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u662f\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u591a\u79cd\u591a\u6837\u7684\u7269\u7406\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u7279\u6027\u5728\u7535\u5b50\u5b66\u3001\u5408\u91d1\u751f\u4ea7\u548c\u751f\u7269\u7cfb\u7edf\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u672c\u5bfc\u8bba\u63a2\u8ba8\u4e86\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684 15 \u79cd\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5c55\u793a\u4e86\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u81ea\u7136\u548c\u6280\u672f\u9886\u57df\u7684\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u548c\u91cd\u8981\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"1-intermediate-electrical-conductivity\">1.\u4e2d\u95f4\u5bfc\u7535\u7387<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"valence-band-structure\">\u4ef7\u5e26\u7ed3\u6784<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u4ecb\u4e8e\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e4b\u95f4\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u7279\u6027\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u534a\u586b\u5145\u4ef7\u5e26\u4f7f\u5176\u80fd\u591f\u5bfc\u7535\uff0c\u4f46\u4e0d\u5982\u91d1\u5c5e\u90a3\u6837\u81ea\u7531\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u672a\u5b8c\u5168\u586b\u5145\u7684\u4ef7\u5e26\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u80fd\u591f\u5bfc\u7535\uff0c\u5c3d\u7ba1\u5bfc\u7535\u6548\u7387\u4e0d\u5982\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u5bf9\u5b83\u4eec\u5728\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u8fd9\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u80fd\u591f\u901a\u8fc7\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u548c\u63ba\u6742\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u65b9\u6cd5\u8c03\u8282\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56fe\u8868\u7535\u5bfc\u7387\u6bd4\u8f83<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 137px;\" width=\"671\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u5143\u7d20\u7c7b\u578b<\/th>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u7535\u5bfc\u7387<\/th>\n<th>\u793a\u4f8b<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91d1\u5c5e<\/td>\n<td>\u9ad8<\/td>\n<td>\u94dc<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u91d1\u5c5e<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d\u7ea7<\/td>\n<td>\u7845<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e<\/td>\n<td>\u4f4e<\/td>\n<td>\u786b\u78fa<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"temperature-dependence\">\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u5347\u9ad8\u800c\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u88ab\u79f0\u4e3a\u8d1f\u7535\u963b\u6e29\u5ea6\u7cfb\u6570\u3002\u8fd9\u4e0e\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u901a\u5e38\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u5347\u9ad8\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f9d\u8d56\u6027\u5728\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u548c\u70ed\u654f\u7535\u963b\u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5c24\u4e3a\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u7535\u963b\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u6e29\u5ea6\u3002\u91d1\u5c5e\u5bf9\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u53cd\u5e94\u4e5f\u4f7f\u5b83\u4eec\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u70ed\u7ba1\u7406\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"doping-and-impurities\">\u63ba\u6742\u548c\u6742\u8d28<\/h3>\n<p>\u6742\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7535\u7279\u6027\u3002\u63ba\u6742\uff0c\u5373\u6709\u610f\u5f15\u5165\u6742\u8d28\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u8c03\u8282\u7535\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e2d\u63ba\u5165\u787c\u6216\u78f7\u7b49\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u53ef\u5206\u522b\u751f\u6210 p \u578b\u6216 n \u578b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63ba\u6742\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5bf9\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u3001\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u548c\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u63ba\u6742\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5bf9\u7535\u6c14\u7279\u6027\u8fdb\u884c\u5fae\u8c03\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f00\u53d1\u51fa\u7cbe\u5bc6\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u540d\u5355\uff1a\u5174\u594b\u5242\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u787c\u5174\u594b\u5242<\/strong>:\u4ea7\u751f p \u578b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u78f7\u63ba\u6742<\/strong>:\u5236\u9020 n \u578b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 id=\"2-variable-thermal-conductivity\">2.\u53ef\u53d8\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"crystal-structure\">\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784<\/h3>\n<p>\u6676\u683c\u5185\u539f\u5b50\u7684\u6392\u5217\u53ef\u4ee5\u4fc3\u8fdb\u6216\u963b\u788d\u70ed\u91cf\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u3002\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\u53d8\u5316\u5f88\u5927\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u5177\u6709\u94bb\u77f3\u7acb\u65b9\u6676\u4f53\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u5177\u6709\u5f88\u9ad8\u7684\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\uff0c\u662f\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u6563\u70ed\u7684\u7edd\u4f73\u6750\u6599\u3002\u76f8\u6bd4\u4e4b\u4e0b\uff0c\u787c\u7b49\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u590d\u6742\u7684\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\u8f83\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56fe\u8868\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 146px;\" width=\"664\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th style=\"text-align: center;\">\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e<\/th>\n<th>\u5bfc\u70ed\u7cfb\u6570\uff08W\/mK\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7845<\/td>\n<td>148<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9517<\/td>\n<td>60<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u787c<\/td>\n<td>27<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"temperature-effects\">\u6e29\u5ea6\u5f71\u54cd<\/h3>\n<p>\u968f\u7740\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u5347\u9ad8\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u58f0\u5b50\u6563\u5c04\u7684\u589e\u52a0\uff0c\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u901a\u5e38\u4f1a\u964d\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u8f83\u9ad8\u6e29\u5ea6\u4e0b\uff0c\u58f0\u5b50\u6563\u5c04\u7684\u589e\u52a0\u4f1a\u6270\u4e71\u70ed\u91cf\u5728\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u6709\u5e8f\u6d41\u52a8\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u964d\u4f4e\u6750\u6599\u7684\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u884c\u4e3a\u5bf9\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u70ed\u80fd\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7535\u80fd\u7684\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"impurities\">\u6742\u8d28<\/h3>\n<p>\u5373\u4f7f\u662f\u5c11\u91cf\u7684\u6742\u8d28\u4e5f\u4f1a\u9020\u6210\u6676\u683c\u7d0a\u4e71\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u6563\u5c04\u58f0\u5b50\uff0c\u964d\u4f4e\u70ed\u4f20\u5bfc\u6548\u7387\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u6563\u70ed\u5668\u548c\u70ed\u754c\u9762\u6750\u6599\u7b49\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u4fdd\u6301\u9ad8\u7eaf\u5ea6\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u53cd\u4e4b\uff0c\u5f15\u5165\u7279\u5b9a\u7684\u6742\u8d28\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5b9a\u5236\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u70ed\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4ee5\u6ee1\u8db3\u7279\u5b9a\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u9700\u8981\uff0c\u4f8b\u5982\u70ed\u7535\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"3-lustrous-appearance\">3.\u5149\u6cfd\u7684\u5916\u89c2<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"electron-configuration\">\u7535\u5b50\u914d\u7f6e<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e4b\u6240\u4ee5\u6709\u5149\u6cfd\uff0c\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u6784\u578b\u5141\u8bb8\u7535\u5b50\u6709\u4e00\u5b9a\u7684\u6d41\u52a8\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4ea7\u751f\u95ea\u4eae\u7684\u5916\u89c2\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u5149\u6cfd\u662f\u7531\u4e8e\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u4e0e\u91d1\u5c5e\u76f8\u540c\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u5149\u7ebf\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u7535\u5b50\u6784\u578b\u5141\u8bb8\u5149\u7684\u5438\u6536\u548c\u518d\u53d1\u5c04\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u8d4b\u4e88\u4e86\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u7279\u6709\u7684\u5149\u6cfd\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"applications-in-electronics\">\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/h3>\n<p>\u7845\u548c\u9517\u7b49\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u7279\u6027\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u7535\u5b50\u5143\u4ef6\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5728\u7535\u5b50\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u7845\u7b49\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5149\u6cfd\u5916\u89c2\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5149\u7535\u63a2\u6d4b\u5668\u548c\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7535\u6c60\u7684\u5236\u9020\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5149\u7684\u5438\u6536\u548c\u53cd\u5c04\u5bf9\u8bbe\u5907\u6027\u80fd\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"aesthetic-uses\">\u7f8e\u5b66\u7528\u9014<\/h3>\n<p>\u4ece\u73e0\u5b9d\u5230\u5efa\u7b51\u7ed3\u6784\uff0c\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u95ea\u4eae\u8868\u9762\u88ab\u7528\u6765\u589e\u52a0\u4ea7\u54c1\u7684\u89c6\u89c9\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7845\u7b49\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u9ad8\u8d28\u91cf\u7684\u53cd\u5c04\u6d82\u5c42\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u955c\u5b50\u548c\u88c5\u9970\u9762\u5c42\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u95ea\u4eae\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u5916\u89c2\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u6d88\u8d39\u7c7b\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u3001\u73e0\u5b9d\uff0c\u751a\u81f3\u662f\u5bf9\u7f8e\u89c2\u8981\u6c42\u6781\u9ad8\u7684\u5efa\u7b51\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u90fd\u6781\u5177\u5438\u5f15\u529b\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"4-intermediate-density\">4.\u4e2d\u95f4\u5bc6\u5ea6<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"comparison-with-other-elements\">\u4e0e\u5176\u4ed6\u5143\u7d20\u7684\u6bd4\u8f83<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u9ad8\u4e8e\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u4f46\u4f4e\u4e8e\u91d1\u5c5e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u5bc6\u5ea6\u5728\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u91cd\u91cf\u4e4b\u95f4\u53d6\u5f97\u4e86\u5e73\u8861\uff0c\u8fd9\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u5229\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u7684\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f4e\u4e8e\u94c1\u7b49\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u8f7b\u8d28\u800c\u575a\u56fa\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u8868\u683c\u5bc6\u5ea6\u6bd4\u8f83<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 125px;\" width=\"525\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8981\u7d20<\/th>\n<th>\u5bc6\u5ea6\uff08\u514b\/\u7acb\u65b9\u5398\u7c73\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7845<\/td>\n<td>2.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u94dd\u8d28<\/td>\n<td>2.70<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u94c1<\/td>\n<td>7.87<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"impact-on-applications\">\u5bf9\u5e94\u7528\u7a0b\u5e8f\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5176\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u5e73\u8861\u91cd\u91cf\u548c\u5f3a\u5ea6\u7684\u7279\u5b9a\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u7684\u4e2d\u7b49\u5bc6\u5ea6\u4f7f\u5176\u975e\u5e38\u9002\u5408\u7528\u4e8e\u9700\u8981\u8f7b\u8d28\u9ad8\u5f3a\u5ea6\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5fae\u673a\u7535\u7cfb\u7edf\uff08MEMS\uff09\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u5728\u590d\u5408\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u4f7f\u7528\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ef\u4ee5\u589e\u5f3a\u673a\u68b0\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u5c06\u91cd\u91cf\u964d\u5230\u6700\u4f4e\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"5-low-elasticity\">5.\u4f4e\u5f39\u6027<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"atomic-bonding\">\u539f\u5b50\u952e\u5408<\/h3>\n<p>\u4e0e\u91d1\u5c5e\u76f8\u6bd4\uff0c\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u901a\u5e38\u8868\u73b0\u51fa\u8f83\u4f4e\u7684\u5f39\u6027\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u56e0\u4e3a\u5171\u4ef7\u952e\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u5728\u5e94\u529b\u4e0b\u7684\u8fd0\u52a8\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e2d\u7684\u5f3a\u5171\u4ef7\u952e\u9650\u5236\u4e86\u539f\u5b50\u5728\u53d7\u529b\u65f6\u76f8\u4e92\u79fb\u52a8\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u5f39\u6027\u964d\u4f4e\u3002\u5728\u521a\u6027\u6bd4\u67d4\u6027\u66f4\u4e3a\u7406\u60f3\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\u975e\u5e38\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"practical-implications\">\u5b9e\u9645\u610f\u4e49<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5f39\u6027\u76f8\u5bf9\u8f83\u4f4e\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4e0d\u592a\u9002\u5408\u9700\u8981\u8f83\u5927\u53d8\u5f62\u7684\u5e94\u7528\uff0c\u5982\u5f39\u7c27\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u76f8\u53cd\uff0c\u91d1\u5c5e\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5bf9\u4fdd\u6301\u5f62\u72b6\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u5b8c\u6574\u6027\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e2d\u7684\u7845\u6676\u7247\u5fc5\u987b\u4fdd\u6301\u5c3a\u5bf8\u7a33\u5b9a\uff0c\u4ee5\u786e\u4fdd\u7535\u8def\u548c\u5143\u4ef6\u7684\u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"6-semiconducting-properties\">6.\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"doping-techniques\">\u5174\u594b\u5242\u6280\u672f<\/h3>\n<p>\u63ba\u6742\u7528\u4e8e\u589e\u5f3a\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u7684\u5173\u952e\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u901a\u8fc7\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u63ba\u6742\u6c34\u5e73\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5b9a\u5236\u7535\u6c14\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5236\u9020\u51fa\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u3001\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u548c\u5149\u4f0f\u7535\u6c60\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u3002\u79bb\u5b50\u6ce8\u5165\u548c\u6269\u6563\u7b49\u6280\u672f\u901a\u5e38\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u57fa\u5e95\u4e2d\u5f15\u5165\u63ba\u6742\u5242\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"band-gap\">\u5e26\u9699<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u9002\u5408\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u5e26\u9699\uff0c\u53ef\u63a7\u5236\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u5e26\u9699\u51b3\u5b9a\u4e86\u5176\u5bfc\u7535\u80fd\u529b\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u7684\u5e26\u9699\u4e3a 1.1 eV\uff0c\u662f\u8bb8\u591a\u7535\u5b50\u5e94\u7528\u7684\u7406\u60f3\u9009\u62e9\u3002\u8fd9\u79cd\u5e26\u9699\u53ef\u4ee5\u6709\u6548\u63a7\u5236\u7535\u5b50\u6d41\uff0c\u5bf9\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u793a\u610f\u56fe\u80fd\u5e26\u9699<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 158px;\" width=\"524\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8981\u7d20<\/th>\n<th>\u5e26\u9699\uff08eV\uff09<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7845<\/td>\n<td>1.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9517<\/td>\n<td>0.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u787c<\/td>\n<td>1.5<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"7-amphoteric-behavior\">7.\u4e24\u6027\u884c\u4e3a<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"reactions-with-acids-and-bases\">\u4e0e\u9178\u548c\u78b1\u7684\u53cd\u5e94<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u65e2\u5177\u6709\u9178\u6027\uff0c\u4e5f\u5177\u6709\u78b1\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u65e2\u80fd\u4e0e\u9178\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u4e0e\u78b1\u53cd\u5e94\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u4e24\u6027\u884c\u4e3a\u6709\u5229\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u5141\u8bb8\u91d1\u5c5e\u53c2\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u53cd\u5e94\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u6c27\u5316\u94dd\u65e2\u80fd\u4e0e\u9178\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u4e0e\u78b1\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u50ac\u5316\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"oxides\">\u6c27\u5316\u7269<\/h3>\n<p>\u6c27\u5316\u94dd\u7b49\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u6c27\u5316\u7269\u53ef\u4ee5\u4e0e\u9178\u548c\u78b1\u53d1\u751f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5f62\u6210\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5316\u5408\u7269\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u6d41\u7a0b\u4e2d\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u4e8c\u6c27\u5316\u7845\u662f\u5236\u9020\u73bb\u7483\u7684\u5173\u952e\u6210\u5206\uff0c\u4e5f\u662f\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5de5\u4e1a\u5236\u9020\u7edd\u7f18\u5c42\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"8-multiple-oxidation-states\">8.\u591a\u91cd\u6c27\u5316\u6001<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"examples-of-oxidation-states\">\u6c27\u5316\u6001\u793a\u4f8b<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ef\u5448\u73b0\u591a\u79cd\u6c27\u5316\u6001\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u591a\u529f\u80fd\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u4e0d\u540c\u6c27\u5316\u6001\u7684\u80fd\u529b\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u53ef\u4ee5\u53c2\u4e0e\u5404\u79cd\u6c27\u5316\u8fd8\u539f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u5728\u50ac\u5316\u548c\u6750\u6599\u5408\u6210\u7b49\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u53d1\u6325\u91cd\u8981\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u5217\u8868\uff1a\u6c27\u5316\u6001<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>\u787c<\/strong>: +3, -3<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7845<\/strong>: +4, -4<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u7837<\/strong>: +3, +5<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 id=\"impact-on-reactivity\">\u5bf9\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u591a\u79cd\u6c27\u5316\u6001\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u50ac\u5316\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u7528\u9014\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7837\u7684\u591a\u91cd\u6c27\u5316\u6001\u4f7f\u5176\u5728\u4e0d\u540c\u7684\u5316\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u4e2d\u65e2\u80fd\u5145\u5f53\u6c27\u5316\u5242\uff0c\u53c8\u80fd\u5145\u5f53\u8fd8\u539f\u5242\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u4e86\u5176\u5728\u51b6\u91d1\u548c\u5236\u836f\u7b49\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7684\u6548\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"9-formation-of-alloys\">9.\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"examples-of-alloys\">\u5408\u91d1\u4e3e\u4f8b<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u80fd\u4e0e\u91d1\u5c5e\u5f62\u6210\u5408\u91d1\uff0c\u589e\u5f3a\u57fa\u7840\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5408\u91d1\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u673a\u68b0\u3001\u70ed\u548c\u7535\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u90fd\u5f88\u6709\u4ef7\u503c\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u94dd\u5408\u91d1\u4ee5\u5176\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u53ef\u94f8\u9020\u6027\u8457\u79f0\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6c7d\u8f66\u548c\u822a\u7a7a\u822a\u5929\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"properties-of-alloys\">\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u5408\u91d1\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u5bf9\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u548c\u7ed3\u6784\u6750\u6599\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7279\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u9517\u5408\u91d1\u56e0\u5176\u4f18\u4e8e\u7eaf\u7845\u6216\u7eaf\u9517\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u7279\u6027\u800c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5408\u91d1\u5728\u9ad8\u901f\u548c\u9ad8\u9891\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5177\u6709\u66f4\u597d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56fe\u8868\uff1a\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 58px;\" width=\"735\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u5408\u91d1<\/th>\n<th>\u57fa\u7840\u91d1\u5c5e<\/th>\n<th>\u5f3a\u5316\u8d22\u4ea7<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7845\u94dd<\/td>\n<td>\u94dd\u8d28<\/td>\n<td>\u5f3a\u5ea6\u548c\u94f8\u9020\u6027<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"10-chemical-reactivity\">10.\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u6027<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"reactions-with-halogens\">\u4e0e\u5364\u7d20\u7684\u53cd\u5e94<\/h3>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0e\u5364\u7d20\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u7a33\u5b9a\u7684\u5364\u5316\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u8fc7\u7a0b\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u53cd\u5e94\u5bf9\u4e8e\u963b\u71c3\u5242\u548c\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u7b49\u6750\u6599\u7684\u751f\u4ea7\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7845\u4e0e\u6c2f\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u56db\u6c2f\u5316\u7845\uff0c\u8fd9\u662f\u751f\u4ea7\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u7528\u9ad8\u7eaf\u5ea6\u7845\u7684\u5173\u952e\u4e2d\u95f4\u4f53\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"redox-behavior\">\u6c27\u5316\u8fd8\u539f\u884c\u4e3a<\/h3>\n<p>\u6839\u636e\u5316\u5b66\u73af\u5883\u7684\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ef\u4ee5\u5145\u5f53\u8fd8\u539f\u5242\u6216\u6c27\u5316\u5242\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u79cd\u53cc\u91cd\u80fd\u529b\u4f7f\u5f97\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5e94\u4e2d\u7528\u9014\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7837\u65e2\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u8fd8\u539f\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u4e5f\u80fd\u53c2\u4e0e\u6c27\u5316\u53cd\u5e94\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u6c34\u51c0\u5316\u548c\u91d1\u5c5e\u8403\u53d6\u7b49\u8fc7\u7a0b\u4e2d\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p><strong>\u56fe\u8868\u6c27\u5316\u8fd8\u539f\u884c\u4e3a<\/strong><\/p>\n<table style=\"height: 110px;\" width=\"740\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u8981\u7d20<\/th>\n<th>\u6c27\u5316\u5242<\/th>\n<th>\u8fd8\u539f\u5242<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7837<\/td>\n<td>\u662f<\/td>\n<td>\u662f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9511<\/td>\n<td>\u662f<\/td>\n<td>\u662f<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h2 id=\"11-role-in-semiconductor-technology\">11.\u5728\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u4e2d\u7684\u4f5c\u7528<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"silicon-and-germanium\">\u7845\u548c\u9517<\/h3>\n<p>\u7845\u548c\u9517\u662f\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u6280\u672f\u7684\u57fa\u7840\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u8fd9\u4e9b\u91d1\u5c5e\u662f\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5de5\u4e1a\u7684\u652f\u67f1\uff0c\u4f7f\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u3001\u96c6\u6210\u7535\u8def\u548c\u5149\u4f0f\u7535\u6c60\u7684\u5f00\u53d1\u6210\u4e3a\u53ef\u80fd\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u7535\u6c14\u7279\u6027\u4f7f\u5176\u6210\u4e3a\u73b0\u4ee3\u7535\u5b50\u4ea7\u54c1\u4e2d\u4e0d\u53ef\u6216\u7f3a\u7684\u6750\u6599\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"fabrication-processes\">\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u72ec\u7279\u6027\u8d28\u4f7f\u5176\u9002\u7528\u4e8e\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5236\u9020\u4e2d\u7684\u5404\u79cd\u5236\u9020\u5de5\u827a\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u5316\u5b66\u6c14\u76f8\u6c89\u79ef\uff08CVD\uff09\u548c\u5206\u5b50\u675f\u5916\u5ef6\uff08MBE\uff09\u7b49\u5de5\u827a\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u957f\u91d1\u5c5e\u8584\u819c\uff0c\u5e76\u80fd\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u5176\u6210\u5206\u548c\u539a\u5ea6\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6280\u672f\u5bf9\u4e8e\u5236\u9020\u5177\u6709\u590d\u6742\u7ed3\u6784\u7684\u9ad8\u6027\u80fd\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"12-influence-of-impurities\">12.\u6742\u8d28\u7684\u5f71\u54cd<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"doping-effects\">\u5174\u594b\u5242\u6548\u5e94<\/h3>\n<p>\u6742\u8d28\u7684\u5b58\u5728\u4f1a\u6781\u5927\u5730\u6539\u53d8\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u5c24\u5176\u662f\u5bfc\u7535\u6027\u548c\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u53d7\u63a7\u63ba\u6742\u7528\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5668\u4ef6\u7684\u6027\u80fd\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5411\u7845\u4e2d\u6dfb\u52a0\u787c\u53ef\u4ea7\u751f p \u578b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\uff0c\u800c\u6dfb\u52a0\u78f7\u5219\u53ef\u4ea7\u751f n \u578b\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u63ba\u6742\u6750\u6599\u5bf9\u6676\u4f53\u7ba1\u548c\u4e8c\u6781\u7ba1\u7b49\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u7684\u8fd0\u884c\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"material-purity\">\u6750\u6599\u7eaf\u5ea6<\/h3>\n<p>\u5728\u9700\u8981\u9ad8\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\uff0c\u63a7\u5236\u6750\u6599\u7eaf\u5ea6\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u9ad8\u7eaf\u5ea6\u7845\u5bf9\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u9ad8\u6548\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u7535\u6c60\u548c\u5148\u8fdb\u7535\u5b50\u8bbe\u5907\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002\u6742\u8d28\u4f1a\u5e26\u6765\u964d\u4f4e\u6027\u80fd\u7684\u7f3a\u9677\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u4fdd\u6301\u4e25\u683c\u7684\u7eaf\u5ea6\u6807\u51c6\u5bf9\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u884c\u4e1a\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"13-temperature-dependent-properties\">13.\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u7684\u7279\u6027<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"electrical-conductivity\">\u5bfc\u7535\u6027<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7535\u7279\u6027\u53ef\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u6539\u53d8\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u9002\u5408\u7528\u4e8e\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5bf9\u6e29\u5ea6\u654f\u611f\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ed\u654f\u7535\u963b\u548c\u6e29\u5ea6\u4f20\u611f\u5668\u7b49\u5bf9\u6e29\u5ea6\u654f\u611f\u7684\u8bbe\u5907\u4f9d\u8d56\u4e8e\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u7535\u963b\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u53d1\u751f\u7684\u53ef\u9884\u6d4b\u53d8\u5316\u3002\u5229\u7528\u8fd9\u4e00\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u53ef\u4ee5\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u548c\u6d88\u8d39\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u5b9e\u73b0\u7cbe\u786e\u7684\u6e29\u5ea6\u6d4b\u91cf\u548c\u63a7\u5236\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"thermal-conductivity\">\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u4e5f\u4f1a\u968f\u6e29\u5ea6\u7684\u53d8\u5316\u800c\u53d8\u5316\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u5f71\u54cd\u5176\u5728\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\u4e2d\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u70ed\u7535\u6750\u6599\u80fd\u5c06\u70ed\u91cf\u8f6c\u5316\u4e3a\u7535\u80fd\uff0c\u8fd9\u53d6\u51b3\u4e8e\u5bf9\u70ed\u5bfc\u7387\u7684\u7cbe\u786e\u63a7\u5236\u3002\u5177\u6709\u53ef\u53d8\u5bfc\u70ed\u6027\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u53ef\u4ee5\u901a\u8fc7\u5de5\u7a0b\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f18\u5316\u5176\u5728\u70ed\u7535\u8bbe\u5907\u4e2d\u7684\u6027\u80fd\uff0c\u4ece\u800c\u63d0\u9ad8\u5176\u6548\u7387\u548c\u6548\u80fd\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"14-reactivity-with-halogens\">14.\u4e0e\u5364\u7d20\u7684\u53cd\u5e94\u6027<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"formation-of-halides\">\u5364\u5316\u7269\u7684\u5f62\u6210<\/h3>\n<p>\u91d1\u5c5e\u4e0e\u5364\u7d20\u53cd\u5e94\u751f\u6210\u5364\u5316\u7269\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u5404\u79cd\u5de5\u4e1a\u7528\u9014\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u56db\u6c2f\u5316\u7845\u548c\u4e09\u6c1f\u5316\u787c\u7b49\u5364\u5316\u7269\u662f\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u548c\u5316\u5b66\u5de5\u4e1a\u751f\u4ea7\u9ad8\u7eaf\u5ea6\u6750\u6599\u7684\u91cd\u8981\u4e2d\u95f4\u4f53\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u5316\u5408\u7269\u8fd8\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u963b\u71c3\u5242\u7b49\u5e94\u7528\u9886\u57df\uff0c\u56e0\u4e3a\u5b83\u4eec\u7684\u7a33\u5b9a\u6027\u548c\u53cd\u5e94\u6027\u975e\u5e38\u6709\u5229\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"applications-of-halides\">\u5364\u5316\u7269\u7684\u5e94\u7528<\/h3>\n<p>\u7531\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5f62\u6210\u7684\u5364\u5316\u7269\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u963b\u71c3\u5242\u548c\u5176\u4ed6\u5316\u5b66\u4ea7\u54c1\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5364\u5316\u787c\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u542b\u787c\u963b\u71c3\u5242\uff0c\u6dfb\u52a0\u5230\u805a\u5408\u7269\u4e2d\u53ef\u964d\u4f4e\u5176\u6613\u71c3\u6027\u3002\u8fd9\u4e9b\u6750\u6599\u5bf9\u4e8e\u63d0\u9ad8\u6d88\u8d39\u54c1\u548c\u5efa\u7b51\u6750\u6599\u7684\u5b89\u5168\u6027\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"15-environmental-and-biological-impact\">15.\u73af\u5883\u548c\u751f\u7269\u5f71\u54cd<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"toxicity\">\u6bd2\u6027<\/h3>\n<p>\u6709\u4e9b\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\uff0c\u5982\u7837\uff0c\u5728\u9ad8\u6d53\u5ea6\u4e0b\u4f1a\u4ea7\u751f\u6bd2\u6027\uff0c\u9700\u8981\u8c28\u614e\u7ba1\u7406\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u7837\u5177\u6709\u5267\u6bd2\uff0c\u5982\u679c\u6444\u5165\u6216\u5438\u5165\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e25\u91cd\u7684\u5065\u5eb7\u95ee\u9898\u3002\u56e0\u6b64\uff0c\u5fc5\u987b\u5bf9\u6709\u6bd2\u91d1\u5c5e\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\u8fdb\u884c\u7ba1\u7406\u548c\u76d1\u63a7\uff0c\u4ee5\u9632\u6b62\u73af\u5883\u6c61\u67d3\uff0c\u4fdd\u62a4\u4eba\u7c7b\u5065\u5eb7\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"beneficial-uses\">\u6709\u76ca\u7528\u9014<\/h3>\n<p>\u5176\u4ed6\u91d1\u5c5e\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u5982\u787c\uff0c\u5c11\u91cf\u65f6\u662f\u4eba\u4f53\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u8425\u517b\u7269\u8d28\uff0c\u4f46\u5927\u91cf\u65f6\u53ef\u80fd\u6709\u5bb3\u3002<\/p>\n<p>\u787c\u662f\u690d\u7269\u751f\u957f\u6240\u5fc5\u9700\u7684\u5143\u7d20\uff0c\u88ab\u7528\u4e8e\u80a5\u6599\u4e2d\u4ee5\u63d0\u9ad8\u4f5c\u7269\u4ea7\u91cf\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8fc7\u91cf\u7684\u787c\u4f1a\u5bf9\u690d\u7269\u548c\u52a8\u7269\u4ea7\u751f\u6bd2\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5fc5\u987b\u5e73\u8861\u787c\u7684\u4f7f\u7528\uff0c\u5728\u6700\u5927\u9650\u5ea6\u5730\u63d0\u9ad8\u6548\u76ca\u7684\u540c\u65f6\u964d\u4f4e\u98ce\u9669\u3002<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion\">\u7ed3\u8bba<\/h2>\n<p>\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5177\u6709\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u91d1\u5c5e\u548c\u975e\u91d1\u5c5e\u6df7\u5408\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64\u5728\u5404\u79cd\u5e94\u7528\u4e2d\u7528\u9014\u5e7f\u6cdb\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u901a\u5e38\u5177\u6709\u91d1\u5c5e\u5916\u89c2\uff0c\u4f46\u6bd4\u8f83\u8106\uff0c\u53ea\u80fd\u4f5c\u4e3a\u4e00\u822c\u7684\u5bfc\u7535\u4f53\u3002\u7845\u548c\u9517\u7b49\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5728\u534a\u5bfc\u4f53\u5de5\u4e1a\u4e2d\u8d77\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\uff0c\u53ef\u7528\u4e8e\u751f\u4ea7\u5bf9\u73b0\u4ee3\u6280\u672f\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u7535\u5b50\u5143\u4ef6\u3002\u5b83\u4eec\u5f62\u6210\u5408\u91d1\u7684\u80fd\u529b\u548c\u534a\u5bfc\u7535\u7684\u7279\u6027\uff0c\u4f7f\u7535\u5b50\u3001\u592a\u9633\u80fd\u548c\u5408\u91d1\u5f00\u53d1\u9886\u57df\u5f97\u4ee5\u521b\u65b0\u3002\u603b\u4e4b\uff0c\u7531\u4e8e\u5176\u72ec\u7279\u7684\u6027\u8d28\u548c\u884c\u4e3a\uff0c\u7c7b\u91d1\u5c5e\u5728\u63a8\u52a8\u6280\u672f\u548c\u6750\u6599\u79d1\u5b66\u53d1\u5c55\u65b9\u9762\u53d1\u6325\u7740\u81f3\u5173\u91cd\u8981\u7684\u4f5c\u7528\u3002<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Table of Contents Introduction 1. Intermediate Electrical Conductivity Valence Band Structure Temperature Dependence Doping and Impurities 2. Variable Thermal Conductivity Crystal Structure Temperature Effects Impurities 3. Lustrous Appearance Electron Configuration Applications in Electronics Aesthetic Uses 4. Intermediate Density Comparison with Other Elements Impact on Applications 5. Low Elasticity Atomic Bonding Practical Implications 6. Semiconducting Properties [&hellip;]<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_gspb_post_css":"","content-type":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2665","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mechanical-design-tips"],"blocksy_meta":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2665"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2679,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2665\/revisions\/2679"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2682"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2665"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2665"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/machining-quote.com\/zh\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2665"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}